Router Kya Hota Hai? Aur Router Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain? – Ek Complete Guide

Author: Ankit Srivastava
Lead Digital Marketing Analyst & Head of IT Training, Slidescope Institute

Namaskar Doston,

Mera naam Ankit Srivastava hai aur main 11 saal se digital marketing aur IT training ke kshetra mein kaar raha hoon. Mere anubhav mein, maine dekha hai ki networking ki basic samajh aaj ke digital daur mein kitni zaroori hai. Chahe aap ek student hon, ek professional, ya fir koi vyavsayi jo online apna business badhana chahta ho, aapko pata hona chahiye ki aapka data kaise travel karta hai, aur uss yatra ka ek mool “chauraha” hai – Router.

Aaj hum isi vishay par gehrai se charcha karenge. Hum samjhenge ki Router kya hota hai, ye kaise kaam karta hai, aur kyun ye aapke digital jeevan ka ek atyant aavashyak hissa hai. Saath hi, hum Router ke alag-alag prakaron par bhi roshni dalenge, taki aap apni zaroorat ke hisaab se sahi router ka chunav kar saken.

Part 1: Router Kya Hota Hai? (The Digital Traffic Police)

Aap sochye ki aapka ghar ya office ek chhota sa shehar (Network) hai. Is shehar mein aapke kai devices hain – aapka smartphone, aapka laptop, aapka smart TV, aapka printer, etc. Ab is shehar ko bahar ki duniya (Internet) se jodne ke liye ek aisa point chahiye jo incoming aur outgoing traffic ko control kare, use sahi rasta dikhaye, aur suraksha bhi pradan kare.

Yahi kaam karta hai Router.

Technical Definition: Ek Router ek networking device hai jo computer networks ke beech data packets ko receive, analyze, aur forward karta hai. Ye ek Local Area Network (LAN) ko ek Wide Area Network (WAN) – yani Internet – se jodta hai.

Simple Bhasha Mein: Router ek aisa device hai jo aapke ghar ke saare Internet-capable devices ko ek doosre se aur Internet se jodkar ek private network banata hai. Ye ensure karta hai ki aapka laptop jo data maang raha hai (jaise ki ek YouTube video), woh data seedha usi tak pahuche, aur aapka mobile phone jo data bhej raha hai (jaise ki koi WhatsApp message), woh sahi destination tak jaaye.

Router ka Kaam: Ek Practical Example

Maana lijiye aap apne laptop par “www.google.com” type karte hain.

Aapka laptop ek “data packet” banata hai jisme aapki request (Google ka homepage dikhao) aur aapke device ka “return address” (aapka IP address) hota hai.
Ye packet aapke Wireless Router ko bhej diya jaata hai.
Router packet ko padhta hai. Use pata chal jaata hai ki ye packet Internet par jaana hai aur uska destination “Google” hai.
Router uss packet ko aapke Internet Service Provider (ISP – jaise Airtel, Jio) ke network mein forward kar deta hai, jo use aage le jaakar duniya bhar ke complex network routers se hokar Google ke servers tak pahuncha deta hai.
Google uska jawab bhejta hai (Google ka homepage). Ye jawab wapas aapke router tak aata hai.
Ab router ki sabse important duty: Wo ye decide karta hai ki ye aaya hua data aapke shehar (network) mein kis device ke liye hai? Kya ye aapke laptop ke liye hai? Ya aapke phone ke liye? Router “return address” ko check karta hai aur data ko aapke laptop tak pahuncha deta hai.

Yeh pure process seconds ke fractions mein poora ho jaata hai!

Router ke Mukhya Karya (Key Functions):

Networking Banana (Creating a Network): Router aapke saare devices ko ek hi network par laata hai, jisse aap apne laptop se printer ko print bhej sakte hain ya phone se TV par video stream kar sakte hain.
Internet Access Dena: Ye aapke local network ko Internet se jodta hai, har device ko online duniya tak pahunch pradan karta hai.
Data Route Karna: Jaise ek traffic police vehicles ko alag-alag sadkon par bhejta hai, waise hi router data packets ko unke destination ke hisaab se sahi network ki taraf guide karta hai. Is process ko routing kehte hain.
IP Address Pradan Karna (DHCP): Zyadatar routers ek “DHCP server” ka kaam bhi karte hain. Ye aapke har device ko aapke network ke andar ek unique “ghar ka pata” (local IP address) assign karta hai, taaki data confusion mein na pade.
Firewall ki Suraksha: Router aapke network ki pehli suraksha deewar (firewall) ka kaam karta hai. Ye aane wale traffic ko check karta hai aur suspicious ya unauthorized access ko block kar deta hai.

Part 2: Router Kitne Prakar Ke Hote Hain? (Types of Routers)

Ab hum dekhenge ki routers kis kis roop mein aate hain. Inhe unki capability, size, aur istemaal ke aadhaar par vargikrit kiya ja sakta hai.

1. Wireless Router (Wi-Fi Router)

Yeh hai aapka Ghar ka Yaar! Ye sabse common type ka router hai. Isme aapko antennae dikh jaayenge.
Kaam: Ye data ko radio waves (Wi-Fi signal) ke through transmit karta hai. Isse aapko devices ko cable lagane ki zaroorat nahi padti.
Kahan Istemaal Hota Hai: Ghar, cafes, chhote offices, hotels.
Visheshta: Isme often ek modem, ek router, aur ek network switch sab ek hi box mein mil jaate hain. Isse aap cable se bhi connect kar sakte hain (Ethernet port ke through) aur Wi-Fi se bhi.

2. Wired Router (Cable Router)

Naam se hi spasht hai. Is router mein Wi-Fi ki facility nahi hoti.
Kaam: Ye poora tarah se cables (Ethernet cables) par nirbhar karta hai. Aapke device ko directly router se cable lagakar connect karna padta hai.
Kahan Istemaal Hota Hai: Offices mein, jahan stability aur security zyada mahatvapurn hoti hai, ya jahan Wi-Fi interference ki samasya ho.
Visheshta: Wired connections generally Wi-Fi se jyada stable aur fast hote hain, kyunki unpar koi signal interference nahi hota.

3. Core Router

Internet ka “Powerhouse”. Ye wo giant routers hain jo aam taur par aapko kabhi dikhayi nahi denge.
Kaam: Ye Internet Service Providers (ISP – jaise Airtel, Jio) ke data centers mein lagte hain. Inka kaam hai data ko Internet ke “backbone” ya “highway” par ek point se doosre point tak bahut hi tezi se pahunchana. Ye crohon-crohon data packets ko ek second mein process karte hain.
Kahan Istemaal Hota Hai: ISPs ke massive data centers mein.

4. Edge Router

Core Router ka Saathi. Ye router kisi organization (jaise ek badi company ya university) ke internal network (LAN) ko external wide area network (WAN) ya Internet se jodta hai.
Kaam: Ye aapke office network aur Internet ke beech ka “gatekeeper” hai. Saara data jo aapka office Internet mein bhejta hai ya Internet se aapke office mein aata hai, wo isi router se hokar guzarta hai.
Kahan Istemaal Hota Hai: Corporations, universities, large institutions.

5. Virtual Router

Bina Body ka Router. Ye koi physical device nahi hai, balki ek software hai jo router ki tarah kaam karta hai.
Kaam: Ye cloud computing environments aur virtual machines mein use hota hai. Jaise agar aap Amazon AWS ya Microsoft Azure jaise cloud platform ka istemaal karte hain, to wahan virtual routers hi data traffic ko manage karte hain.
Kahan Istemaal Hota Hai: Cloud platforms, virtualized data centers.

Ghar ke Liye Konse Router ka Chunav Karen?

Aam taur par, aapko ek Wireless Router ki hi zaroorat padegi. Lekin use khareedte waqt in batoon ka dhyan rakhein:

Wi-Fi Standard (Wi-Fi 5, Wi-Fi 6): Naye Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax) routers better speed, capacity, aur battery life pradan karte hain purane Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) ke muqable.
Speed Rating (AC1200, AX3000): Ye number jitna zyada hoga, router ki potential speed utni hi zyada hogi. Agar aapke paas high-speed Internet plan hai to ek achhe speed rating wala router lein.
Range: Agar aapka ghar bada hai ya concrete ki deewarein hain to “Mesh Wi-Fi System” behtar option ho sakta hai, jo multiple devices ko milakar ek seamless network banata hai.
Bands: Dual-band ya Tri-band routers behtar hain kyunki wo dedicated band pradan karte hain jisse congestion kam hota hai.

Nirmaan (Conclusion)

Doston, jaise ek driver ke liye ye janna zaroori hai ki gaadi ka engine kaise kaam karta hai, waise hi aaj ke digital nagrik ke liye ye janna zaroori hai ki uska data kaise travel karta hai. Router isi digital duniya ki foundation hai. Ye na sirf aapko Internet se jodta hai, balki aapke devices ko aapas mein jodkar ek smart network bhi banata hai aur aapki suraksha ka bhi dhyan rakhta hai.

Umeed karta hoon ki ye article aapko Router aur uske prakar ko samajhne mein madadgar hoga. Agar aapko technology, digital marketing, ya web development se juda koi sawal hai, to Slidescope Institute ke training programs se jud sakte hain ya comment section mein puchh sakte hain. Aapka din shubh rahe!